Piano Tunings

The international standard tuning with A4 set to 440 Hz. This is the universal reference pitch used by virtually all modern pianos, orchestras, and instruments worldwide.

Historical baroque pitch with A4 at 415 Hz, approximately a half step below modern concert pitch. Used for historically informed performances of Bach, Handel, and other baroque composers.

Slightly higher than standard, A4 at 442 Hz. Commonly used by European orchestras, particularly in Germany and Austria, for a brighter, more brilliant tone quality.

An alternative tuning with A4 at 432 Hz, sometimes called Verdi pitch. Advocates claim it produces a warmer, more natural sound. Used by some holistic musicians and in certain classical recordings.

The French standard pitch established in 1859 with A4 at 435 Hz. Also known as the diapason normal, it was the international standard before A440 was adopted in 1939.

A high baroque pitch standard with A4 at 466 Hz, approximately a half step above modern concert pitch. Used historically for church organ music in Germany during the Baroque era.